What does 'adjudicate' refer to?

The term 'adjudicate' refers specifically to the process of hearing and deciding a case in a judicial context. When someone adjudicates a matter, they are acting in the role of a judge or decision-maker, evaluating the evidence and arguments presented, and ultimately rendering a judgment on the issues at hand. This judicial process is foundational in legal systems, where impartiality and authority are required to resolve disputes between parties.

Other options, while related to legal processes, do not capture the essence of 'adjudicate.' Defending against an accusation is focused on the actions of a defendant or their counsel, negotiating a settlement refers to reaching an agreement outside of court, and gathering evidence is part of the preparation work before a case is brought before a judge. These activities may occur in the broader context of legal proceedings, but they do not involve the act of making a judicial decision.